Effects of clinical heterogeneity on Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer survival: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is defined as a diagnosis of breast cancer during pregnancy or within 1 year of childbirth. Current evidence shows that Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis; however, no systematic review has summarized and explored how baseline characteristics could impact survival. We aimed to explore the impact of breast cancer characteristics on death and disease relapse. A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted by searching articles in the main databases (Medline, Embase, and Cochrane) and congress abstracts. Summarized death and disease-free survival hazard ratios were recalculated, and all meta-analyses used a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was reported using the I2 method. A total of 7143 studies were identified and only 30 studies were included. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is associated with a 96% (HR 1.96; 95%CI 1.58­2.35) higher risk of death and 82% (HR 1.82; 95%CI 1.45­2.20) risk of death or disease relapse in comparison to a population of non-pregnancy-associated breast cancer or nulliparous breast cancer. Through sensitivity analyses, we identified that clinical outcomes were impacted, possibly due to Ki-67 levels, poorly differentiated tumors, and triple-negative breast cancer frequency in the study. As relevant sources of inconsistencies, such clinical cancer-related characteristics should be better investigated as potential confounders for upcoming Pregnancy-associated breast cancer therapeutic strategies.

Clinic, pathologic and molecular landscapes in ultra-young women with breast cancer in the State of São Paulo: a real-world study

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) centers are increasingly attending "ultra-young" women (UYW) patients (≤ 30 years), who usually present aggressive tumors and face specific problems. Objectives: We aimed to examine a multicentric casuistic view, addressing clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of BC, as well as therapeutic measures and oncological outcomes. Methods: A retrospective multicentric observational study of UYW with infiltrating BC was carried out. The patients were treated between the period from January 1991 to December 2019. Clinical, epidemiological, morphological, molecular, therapeutic and outcomes data were collected from the charts. Results: A total of 293 patients were followed for a average period of 34.5 months. Nulliparity was referred by 204 women (75.5%), of whom 81 (37.1%) were overweight or obese. Positive family history in first-degree relatives was verified in 25 patients (10.1%). Only 30 patients underwent genetic tests, which revealed inherited pathogenic mutations in 12 of them (37.5%). Thirty-two (32) cases were classified as T1 at diagnosis (10.9%), while "De novo" stage IV was found in 29 patients (9.8%). Mastectomy was performed in 175 women (70.2%), quadrantectomy in 46 women (18.4%), and mammary adenectomies in 28 women (11.2%), of which 149 cases were reported after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (56.0%). A total of 111 patients had at least one positive lymph node (47.4%). The rate of patients with estrogen receptor-negative was 32.7% and the rate of patients with Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-positive (HER2-positive) was 25%. The frequency of Luminal A neoplasias was 16.6%, Luminal B/HER2- was 35.9%, Luminal B/HER2+ was 15.1%, HER2 overexpressed was 9.3%, and Basal was 22.9%. Taking into account the outcomes, 173 patients were alive without disease (65.7%); 23 patients were alive with any form of recurrence (8.7%); and 67 patients (25.4%) evolved to BC deaths. Conclusions: It was concluded that UYW with BC are commonly diagnosed at advanced stages, present adverse morphological and molecular parameters, and have unfavorable prognosis.

A phase III, randomized, non-inferiority study comparing the efficacy and safety of biosimilar filgrastim versus originator filgrastim for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in breast cancer patients

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of two filgrastim formulations for controlling chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and to evaluate the non-inferiority of the test drug relative to the originator. METHODS: This phase III non-inferiority study had a randomized, multicenter, and open-label design. The patients were randomized at a ratio of 1:1 with a follow-up period of 6 weeks for each patient. In both study arms, filgrastim was administered subcutaneously at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The primary endpoint was the rate of grade 4 neutropenia in the first treatment cycle. The secondary endpoints were the duration of grade 4 neutropenia, the generation of anti-filgrastim antibodies, and the rates of adverse events, laboratory abnormalities, febrile neutropenia, and neutropenia of any grade. RESULTS: The primary efficacy analysis demonstrated the non-inferiority of the test drug compared with the originator drug; the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the rate of neutropenia between the two groups (12.61%) was lower than the established margin of non-inferiority. The two treatments were similar with respect to the secondary endpoints and safety. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and safety profile of the test drug were similar to those of the originator product based on the rate of grade 4 neutropenia in the first treatment cycle. This study supports Anvisa’s approval of the first biosimilar drug manufactured by the Brazilian industry (Fiprima¯).

Avaliação do tempo de início do tratamento, estadiamento histopatológico e positividade dos biomarcadores (RE, RP, HER-2) em 3.566 pacientes tratadas pelo SUS no período de 2012 a 2014, no Hospital Pérola Byington / Evaluation of starting treatment time, histopathological staging and positivity of biomarkers (ER, PR, HER-2) in 3,566 patients treated by SUS from 2012 to 2014, at Perola Byington Hospital

A finalidade do estudo foi avaliar o tempo para início de tratamento, idade, estadiamento cirúrgico e a positividade dos biomarcadores (ER, PR e HER-2) em 3.566 pacientes com carcinoma de mama atendidas pelo SUS no período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2014, no Hospital Pérola Byington (SP). O tempo mediano para o início da terapêutica foi de 32 dias. A idade das pacientes variou de 12 a 98 anos, sendo 49 pacientes (1,4%) com menos de 30 anos, 396 (11,1%) entre 30 e 39 anos, 1.002 (28,1%) entre 40 e 49 anos, 1.737 (48,7%) entre 50 e 69 anos e 382 (10,7%) acima de 70 anos. Quanto ao estadiamento, 8,1% dos tumores tratados foram ?in situ?, 17,2% encontravam-se no Estádio I, 43,1% no II, 28,6% no III e apenas 3% no Estádio IV. A positividade dos receptores de estrogênio e/ou progesterona foi de 72,9% e a de HER-2 de 17,4 %. Os tumores luminais A e B representaram, respectivamente, 23 e 46%; e os triplo-negativos, 17,5% dos casos. Os dados mostram um expressivo número de pacientes com tumores in situ e predomínio de pacientes nos Estádio I e II.

The purpose of the study was the time to start treatment, age, surgical staging and the positivity of biomarkers (ER, PR and HER-2) in 3,566 patients with breast carcinoma served by SUS from January 2012 to December 2014 in Perola Byington Hospital (SP), Brazil. The median time to initiation of therapy was 32 days. The age of patients ranged from 12 to 98 years with 49 patients (1.4%) with less than 30 years, 396 (11.1%) between 30 and 39 years, 1,002 (28.1%) between 40 and 49 years, 1,737 (48.7%) between 50 and 69 years and 382 (10.7%) over 70 years. As to staging, 8.1% of the tumors were treated ?in situ?, 17.2% were in stage I, 43.1% in II, III and 28.6% in only 3% in Stage IV. The positivity of the estrogen receptor and/or progesterone was 72.9% and the HER-2 17.4%. Tumors luminal A and B represented by 23 and 46% and triple-negative, 17.5% of cases. The data show a significant number of patients with tumors in situ and prevalence of patients in Stage I and II.

Hormonioterapia neoadjuvante no câncer de mama / Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in primary breast cancer

A hormonioterapia neoadjuvante tem sido cada vez mais utilizada na prática clínica para melhorar as opções cirúrgicas para mulheres pós-menopáusicas com tumores localmente avançados, com receptores hormonais fortemente positivos. Estudos recentes indicam que a resposta do tumor nesta população pode prever o resultado em longo prazo de pacientes em terapia endócrina adjuvante, defendendo a sua ampla aplicação no tratamento da doença nas pacientes com receptores hormonais positivos. Nas pacientes na pré-menopausa, mais estudos são necessários para estabelecer o real benefício desta abordagem. Do ponto de vista de investigação, a hormonioterapia neoadjuvante pode proporcionar uma oportunidade única para os estudos preditores de resposta, além de proporcionar o desenvolvimento de novos agentes terapêuticos.

Importância do atendimento integrado em mastologia para redução da mortalidade por câncer de mama / The role of integrated patient care in mastology to reduce breast cancer mortality rate

Após analisar 39.589 mulheres atendidas de julho de 2005 a maio de 2010 no Centro de Referência da Saúde da Mulher (Hospital Estadual Perola Byington), foi observado que o atendimento resolutivo permitiu concluir o diagnóstico em lesões clínicas em 95,4% das pacientes. Cerca de 34,5% das pacientes encaminhadas não tinham nenhuma patologia mamária; destas, mais de 68% tinham realizado exames por imagem solicitados pelo ginecologista. Apenas 7,1% das pacientes encaminhadas apresentavam carcinoma. A porcentagem de pacientes no estádio I aumentou de 12,7 para 23,4%. Igualmente no estádio II, houve aumento de 40,3 para 54,1% das pacientes diagnosticadas. Ao contrário, houve redução no número de tumores avançados (estádio III) de 40,2 para 15,2%. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, no momento do diagnóstico, os tumores nos estádios I e II representaram 77,5% dos casos. Esses resultados mostram de forma clara que a falta de acesso e resolutividade são as mais importantes causas de progressão da doença, pois certamente em três ou seis meses grande parte das neoplasias das pacientes diagnosticadas e tratadas nos Estádio I e II progrediria. A rápida redução no número de casos avançados permite estimar redução de mortalidade de 19,8% pela doença. O modelo de atendimento mostra uma excelente estratégia de custo efetividade voltado para instituições com grande demanda das grandes cidades brasileiras, que tratam mais de 80% dos casos de câncer de mama, permitindo uma rápida redução da taxa de mortalidade.

After examining 39,589 women attended from July, 2005 to May, 2010 in the Reference Center for Women’s Health (Pérola Byington State Hospital), we concluded the diagnosis in one step consultation in 95.4% of patients. About 34.5% of referred patients had no breast pathology; of these, over 68% had undergone imaging studies requested by the gynecologist. We observed that only 7.1% of referred patients had carcinoma. The percentage of patients in stage I increased from 12.7 to 23.4%. Also, in stage II there was an increase from 40.3 to 54.1 % of those diagnosed. Instead, there was reduction in the number of advanced tumors (stage III) from 40.2 to 15.2%. The results showed that at diagnosis, the tumors in stages I and II accounted for 77.5% of the cases. These results clearly show that the lack of access and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis are the most important causes of disease progression, because certainly in three or six months, most tumors of patients diagnose and treated in Stages I and II would progress. The rapid reduction in the number of cases that we have developed allows us to estimate a mortality reduction of 19.8% by the disease. The service model shows an excellent cost effective strategy aimed at institutions with high demands from Large Brazilian cities, treating more than 80% of cases of breast cancer, allowing a rapid reduction of mortality rate.

Indicações da cirurgia conservadora no câncer de mama / Indications for conservative surgery in breast cancer

O rastreamento mamográfico aumentou o número de pacientes em estádios iniciais do câncer de mama, que propiciaram a realização de estudos randomizados sobre cirurgia conservadora. Esses estudos demonstraram que a cirurgia conservadora associada à radioterapia, indicada em tumores com até 3 cm de diâmetro, não modifica a sobrevida após 25 anos de seguimento, apesar de acarretar um aumento significativo de recidiva local.

Screening mammography has increased the number of patients in early stages of breast cancer, which led to randomized studies on conservative surgery. These studies demonstrate that conservative surgery combined with radiotherapy, indicated in tumors with up to 3 cm, does not after survival after 25 years of follow-up, despite a significant increase of local recurrence.

Correlação entre as medidas antropométricas e o comprometimento linfonodal de pacientes pós-menopausadas com câncer de mama / Correlation between anthropometric measurements an lymph node metastases in postmenopausal women with breast cancer

Introdução: Diversos estudos epidemiológicos observaram que mulheres obesas na pós-menopausa apresentam aumento de risco e mortalidade do câncer de mama. Apesar de não haver consenso, alguns estudos demonstraram maior grau de comprometimento dos linfonodos axilares nessas pacientes, o que pode contribuir para o pior prognóstico da doença nesse grupo. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre as medidas antropométricas e o grau de comprometimento linfonodal axilar em pacientes pós-menopausadas com câncer de mama hormônio-responsivo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo analítico com 57 mulheres com carcinoma ductal invasivo no estágio II, na pós-menopausa, com receptores hormonais positivos (receptor estrogênico e/ou receptor de progesterona - RE/RP), tratadas nos hospitais São Paulo e Pérola Byington. Logo após o diagnóstico foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas (IMC, CA, CQ e RCQ) das pacientes e, após o tratamento cirúrgico e avaliação histopatológica dos linfonodos axilares, realizou-se o estudo estatístico. Resultados: Observou-se associação significativa entre o número de linfonodos acometidos e o sobrepeso (IMC> 25 kg/m2) (p = 0,0329). Cerca de 64% das pacientes com mais de três linfonodos acometidos apresentaram IMC> 25 kg/m2. Entretanto, não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas antropométricas e a positividade dos linfonodos axilares de forma global. Conclusão: O número de linfonodos axilares comprometidos foi maior em pacientes com índice de massa corpórea entre 25 e 30 kg/m2.

Introduction: Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk and mortality in breast cancer of obese postmenopausal women. The higher number of lymph node metastases in these patients could contribute to poor prognosis. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the anthropometric measurements and lymph node metastases in postmenopausal women with breast cancer expressing hormone receptors (ER/PgR). Methods: Prospective study with 57 women with invasive ductal carcinoma, stage II and estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor (ER/PgR) positivity treated in São Paulo and Pérola Byington Hospital. Anthropometric datawere obtained after the diagnoses, and statistical analysis was done after surgery treatment and definitive pathology results of axillary lymph nodes dissection. Results: There was a significant association (p = 0.0329) between the number of axillary lymph node metastases and overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). Almost 64% of patients with more than three lymph node metastases had more than 25 kg/m2. However, there were no statistical significance between the correlation of anthropometric measurements and the global number of axillary lymph node metastases. Conclusion: The number of axillary lymph node metastases was higher in patients with body mass index between 25 and 30 kg/m2.

Estado atual da biópsia do linfonodo sentinela / Sentinel lymph biopsy in breast cancer

A biópsia do linfonodo sentinela (LS) tornou-se procedimento padrão para a avaliação do status axilar nos casos de câncer de mama inicial. Esse procedimento foi validado por vários estudos, com uma acurácia média de 95%. O objetivo deste artigo de atualização foi analisar os resultados mais recentes e as dúvidas que ainda são reportadas na literatura a respeito do uso da biópsia LS no tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de mama.

The sentinel Lymph node biopsy has become the standard procedure to the axiLLary status evaluation in early breast cancer. This procedure has been vaLidated by severaL studies with an accuracy of 95%. The aim of this update article was to analyze the most recently resuLts and open probLems reported inLiterature about the use of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer surgical treatment.

Estudo do biomarcador p16 no carcinoma de mama de mulheres submetidas à endocrinoterapia primária de curta duração com tamoxifeno e anastrol / Study of p16 biomarker after short-period primary endocrinotherapy with tamoxifen and anastrozole in postmenopausal women with breast carcinoma

Frequentes deleções e mutações têm sido descritas no gene p16 em diversos tipos de tumores, mas pouco se sabe sobre o valor preditivo do p16 na hormonioresistência ao tratamento do câncer de mama. Objetivos: Estudar a expressão do p16 e dos receptores de estrogênio e progesterona (RE e RP) em pacientes com carcinoma de mama RE e/ ou RP (+) após curto período (26 dias) de tratamento com tamoxifeno, anastrozol e placebo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo randomizado duplo-cego realizado com 58 pacientes na pós-menopausa diagnosticadas com carcinoma ductal invasivo de mama nos estádios II e III, que no período pré-operatório foram subdivididas em três grupos: P (placebo, n = 25), T (tamoxifeno 20 mg/dia, n = 15) e A (anastrozol 1 mg/dia, n = 18). A biópsia foi realizada no momento do diagnóstico e após a cirurgia definitiva (26° dia). Realizou-se o estudo semiquantitativo utilizando-se os critérios de Allred. Resultados: A positividade do p16 variou de 22 para 17%, respectivamente no pré e no pós-tratamento com anastrozol; variou de 8 para 4% no grupo placebo e não houve variação, com 7% de positividade no grupo que recebeu tamoxifeno. A comparação entre grupos e tempos não apresentou relação significativa para o p16 (p = 0,17). Não foi encontrada correlação entre a positividade do p16 e o status hormonal (RE e RP). Conclusão: Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os três grupos estudados. Outros biomarcadores deverão ser pesquisados para se identificar precocemente a hormônio-resistência e a especificidade terapêutica.

Common deletions and mutations have been described in the p16 gene in various tumor types, but little is known about the predictive value of p16 in hormonioresistência the treatment of breast cancer. Objectives: To study the expression of p16 and estrogen receptor and progesterone (ER and PR) in patients with breast carcinoma ER and / or PR (+) after a short period (26 days) of treatment with tamoxifen, anastrozole and placebo. Methods: A prospective randomized double-blind study conducted with 58 postmenopausal patients diagnosed with invasive ductal breast carcinoma in stages II and III than in preoperative period were divided into three groups: P (placebo, n = 25) T (tamoxifen 20 mg / day, n = 15) and A (anastrozole 1 mg / day, n = 18). A biopsy was performed at diagnosis and after definitive surgery (26 days). We carried out the study using semiquantitative criteria Allred. Results: The positivity of p16 ranged from 22 to 17%, respectively, before and after treatment with anastrozole; ranged from 8 to 4% in the placebo group and no variation, with 7% positivity in the group receiving tamoxifen. The comparison between groups and time showed no significant relationship to the p16 (p = 0.17). No correlation was found between the positivity of p16 and hormonal status (ER and PR). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference among the three groups. Other biomarkers should be investigated for the early identification of resistance to hormone therapy and specificity.

Miofrioblastoma mamário em axila / Mammary myofibroblastoma in axila

Miofibroblastoma é um tumor benigno raro de mama, de origem mesenquimal. A localização em região axilar é ainda mais incomum. Tendo em vista a dificuldade em se estabelecer o diagnóstico diferencial baseado apenas nos achados clínicos e imaginológicos, a confirmação histopatológica é imprescindível no diagnóstico diferencial com tumor oculto de mama.

Myofibroblastoma is a rare and benign mesenchymal breast neoplasm. The axillary topography is further more uncommon. The histologic identification is important because the differencial diagnosis with malignant tumours of the breast. This report a case of mammary myofibroblastoma in axilla, wich was initially diagnosticated as an occult lobular carcinoma.

Correlação entre COX-2 e ciclina D-1 após administração de tamoxifeno neoadjuvante em curto prazo no tratamento de carcinoma de mama / Correlation of COX-2 and ciclyn D-1 after short-time neoadjuvant tamoxifen on breast cancer

Introdução: O tamoxifeno é a droga utilizada há mais tempo na terapia hormonal do câncer de mama. A superexpressão da ciclina D-1 interfere negativamente no tratamento com tamoxifeno e pode contribuir para predição da falha terapêutica observada em algumas pacientes. COX-2 induz a oxidação de estrogênio a dietilestilbestrol e importante ação genotóxica na mama. Ciclina D-1 e COX-2 ainda não foram descritos associados em relação ao tratamento com tamoxifeno em curto período (14 dias). Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da administração neoadjuvante de tamoxifeno em curto prazo (14 dias) sobre a expressão de COX-2 e ciclina D -1 no tratamento do câncer de mama. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo randomizado realizado na disciplina de Mastologia da Unifesp. Vinte e cinco pacientes com carcinoma de mama nos estádios II e III, subdivididas em grupos (controle, n=13, e tratamento, n=12). As amostras de ciclina D-1 e COX-2 foram avaliadas antes e após o tratamento. A avaliação imuno-histoquímica foi realizada por meio de anticorpos policlonais para COX-2 (Novo castra - Clone 4H12) e ciclina D-1 (Novocastra - Clone DCS-6). Os resultados foram classificados de acordo com a fração e intensidade de coloração das células marcadas. Resultados: Observou-se positividade da COX-2 em 56% dos tumores, sem diferença significativa nos dois momentos da amostra (p = 0,39 - Mann Whitney test*1). A expressão da COX-2 não apresentou diferença significativa nas amostras pré e pós nos grupos controle e tratamento. Na amostra total do estudo, observou-se alteração da expressão da ciclina D-1 entre os dois momentos da amostra (teste de McNemar - Diferença = 36.00% (p = 0,06). Entre os grupos controle e tratamento, observou-se que a diferença das medianas de ciclina D-1 entre as amostras pós e pré (pós - pré) demonstrou tendência à significância estatística pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (p = 0,08). Conclusão: O tratamento neoadjuvante com tamoxifeno em curto prazo (14 dias) não foi capaz de modificar...

Introduction: Tamoxifen is the most used drug in the hormonal therapy of the breast cancer. Ciclyn D-J, one CCNDJ gene product's (PRADJ), is essential for the normal lobule-alveolar mammary development and acts in the cellular cycle control. Ciclyn D-I superexpression act negatively in tamoxifen treatment, and may contribute to predict the failure observed in some patients. COX-2 activity induces oestrogen oxidation to dietilstilbestrol and promotes genotoxics effects on the breast. Ciclyn D-1 and COX-2 association had not been described yet to short time tamoxifen treatment. Objective: Evaluate short time (14 days) neoadjuvant tamoxifen effects on COX-2 and ciclyn D-1 expression in breast cancer patients. Methods: Randomized prospective study in the Federal University of Sao Paulo. Twenty five patients with stage II and III breast cancer were included. The groups were control (n = 13) and treatment (n = 12). Ciclyn D-1 and COX-2 samples were evaluated before and after treatment. Imunohistochemistry was performed on the tissue sections using a polyclonal antibody to COX-2 (Novocastra - Clone 4H12) and cyclin D-1 (Novocastra - Clone DCS-6). The results were classified according Already score, based on the intensity and fraction marked cells. Results: COX-2 was positive in 56% of tumors. No significant difference was observed between the two groups (p = 0.39 Mann Whitney test). The Difference of cyclin D-1 medium (post - pre) in the control group was 5, while in the tamoxifen group was 0.5. (p=0.08, Mann Whitney test). Correlation between COX-2 and ciclyn D-1 was expressed by Pearson index (r). In treatment group moderate linear and positive correlation was observed (r = 0.51 - Pearson's index) (p = 0.08). It wasn't observed in control group (r = 0.42) (p = 0.12). Conclusion: Tamoxifen treatment in short time period (14 days) wasn't modified significantly COX-2 and ciclyn D-1 expression.

Mastectomia e ooforectomia profiláticas em pacientes de alto risco para câncer de mama / Prophylatic mastectomy and ooforectomy in high risk women

O câncer de mama é atualmente um dos principais problemas de saúde do mundo e no Brasil sua incidência vem aumentando gradativamente. Entre as medidas profiláticas, para pacientes de alto risco, destacam-se as cirurgias como a mastectomia e a ooforectomia. Apesar da redução na incidência de câncer de mama, não há consenso para se indicar a mastectomia profilática. Diversos fatores devem ser avaliados, como hereditariedade, presença e multiplicidade de lesões precursoras, anormalidades mamográficas somados com a densidade mamária mamográfica. Além disso, o grau de ansiedade da paciente, a idade e os riscos devem ser avaliados com muita cautela. Mais de uma consulta é recomendável para melhor relação médico-paciente. É imprescindível esclarecer a paciente para um possível insucesso na reparação estética e perda de sensibilidade na papila. Há consenso em que a mastectomia profilática é uma opção benéfica para pacientes que já tiveram câncer contra-lateral, preferencialmente as jovens com mamas densas ou alterações mamográficas múltiplas. Embora a pesquisa de mutações do BRCA-1 ou 2 para mulheres jovens com mais de duas parentes na pré-menopausa com câncer de mama e/ou ovário não seja rotineira, é um elemento importante de seleção das pacientes para ambas cirurgias profiláticas (ovário e mama). A ooforectomia profilática reduz em até 50 porcento a incidência do câncer de mama e mais de 95 porcento do câncer de ovário, quando realizada na pré-menopausa.

Abordagem do trauma abdominal fechado em duas crianças / Abdominal blunt trauma management in two children

Objetivo: relatar dois casos de trauma abdominal fechado em crianças com sinais clínicos frustros nos quais foram detectadas lesões hepáticas através de exame tomográfico; o tratamento foi conservador. Descrição: os casos foram atendidos em pronto socorro de pediatria, o primeiro era um menino de quatro anos de idade, que sofreu queda de 12 degraus de escada e trauma do abdome / Objective: two cases are reported of abdominal blunt trauma in children with mild clinical signs and in which tomography detected hepatic lesions; the treatment was clinical. Description: the cases were attended at the pediatric emergency room, the first was a 4-year-old boy who fell down 12 stairs and suffered abdominal trauma. he presented normal physical condition, except for abdominal pain on palpation in the hypochondrium and right flank...

Distribuiçäo dos fatores de risco em pais e irmäos de pacientes com doença arterial coronariana / Distribution of risk factors in parents and siblings of patients with early coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE: Early coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with risk factors (RF). Offspring of parents with a RF have a greater prevalence of them. However, the distribution of RF in parents and siblings of patients with early CAD is unknown. METHODS: The study comprised the parents and siblings of 42 patients with early CAD (< 45 years), 29 males. Their mean age was 39.5±3.7 years. The following major RF were analyzed: smoking (> 5 cigarretes/day), hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL), hypertension (diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg), and diabetes (glycemia > 126 mg/dL). RESULTS: Of a total of 102 RF, 4, 3, 2, and 1 were observed in, respectively, 5, 15, 15, and 7 patients with early CAD, the most prevalent being smoking (86 percent) and hypercholesterolemia (83 percent). Diabetes was observed in 15 (36 percent) and hypertension in 16 (38 percent) patients. Smoking was more prevalent in the fathers (76 percent) and hypercholesterolemia in the mothers (30 percent). In 183 siblings, 131 RF were observed (1 patient with the disease had a mean of 4.7 siblings). The prevalences of smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes in the siblings were, respectively, 32 percent, 18 percent, 14 percent, and 9 percent. The incidence of RF was as follows: 72 (39 percent) siblings had 1 RF, 25 (14 percent) siblings had 2 RF, and 3 (2 percent) siblings had 3 RF. In parents and their offspring, smoking was moderately correlated (r=0.43; P=0.02) with CAD. CONCLUSION: Smoking habit of parents is passed on to offspring, and, in association with hypercholesterolemia, it was the major cause of early CAD in offspring. High prevalence of smoking in offspring shows the potential responsibility of parents in the incidence of the disease in offspring

Prescriçäo e aderência das estatinas em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana e hipercolesterolemia / Prescription and adherence to statins of patients with coronary artery disease and hypercholesterolemia

OBJECTIVE: Statins have proved to be safe and effective in the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease, but the level of prescription and the reasons for nonadherence to treatment in many coronariopathy treatment centers has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to identify reasons for nonadherence to statin therapy. METHODS: We analyzed 207 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease and hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > or = 200mg/dL or LDL - cholesterol > or = 130mg/dL). Patients' average age was 61.7 + or - 10 year; 111 (53.6 percent) male were and 94 (46.6 percent) were female. We analyzed the level of prescription and adherence to treatment with statins. RESULTS: Statins were prescribed for 139 (67 percent) patients, but only 85 (41 percent) used the drug. In spite of being indicated, statins were not prescribed in 68 (33 percent) patients. Of 54 (26 percent) patients, nonadherent to statins, 67 percent did not use the drug due to its high cost, 31 percent due to the lack of instruction, and only 2 percent due to side effects. Total cholesterol (260.3Ý42.2 vs 226.4 + or -51.9; p<0.0001) and LDL cholesterol (174.6 + or -38.1 vs 149.6 + or - 36.1; p<0.0001) were lower in patients on medication. HDL-cholesterol increased from 37.6 + or -9.6 to 41.5 + or -12.9mg/dL (p=0.02), and triglycerides were not modified in patients using statins. CONCLUSION: The prescription of statins in patients with coronary artery disease and dyslipidemia is high; however, its adherence is far from satisfactory, due to the high cost of the medication. Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels did not reach the targets recommended by the Brazilian Consensus on Dyslipidemia